The Spirit calls sons and daughters alike: Lessons from Miriam, Deborah, and Esther for Pentecostal women’s leadership

Abstract

This article examines women’s leadership in African Pentecostal churches, focusing on the Assemblies of God – Back to God (BTG) movement. Drawing on qualitative interviews with senior church leaders and biblical exemplars such as Miriam, Deborah, and Esther, it explores the structural, cultural, and theological barriers to women’s ordination and participation in governance in African Pentecostal denominations. The findings reveal that patriarchal structures, selective scriptural interpretations, and male self-preservation continue to limit women’s agency, implying that supportive male leadership could enable reform. The study highlights the ethical and theological imperative to recognise women’s callings, advocating for Pentecostal leadership that prioritises divine guidance over human privilege. The article explores practical insights for leadership formation, governance practices, and fostering inclusivity in Pentecostal contexts.