A critical investigation of Romans 4 : 3 : Its determinative value for justice and righteousness

The theological significance of Romans 4 is undisputed and within it the explicit citation in Romans 4:3 is pivotal. It has informed theological thought, stimulated debates, and shaped faith communities for millennia. But does the concept of ‘justification by faith’ or ‘righteousness through faith’, as portrayed in Romans 4:3, hold enough essential universal elements for it to inform faith communities in particular and society in general? How did Paul arrive at the idea that through faith one can be declared righteous? Is there any hint in Romans 4:3 to a conceptual relationship between justice and righteousness? The aim of this paper is to critically investigate Romans 4:3 within its literary conceptual context to determine if it has anything significant to offer for societal concepts of justice and righteousness. Such a critical enquiry must include considering Paul’s concept of justice and righteousness in comparison to a more modern concept of these terms. This investigation will also demand a critical reflection on Genesis 15:1-21 and Paul’s interpretation of the text. One also ought to deal with this matter within the literary context of Romans 3:21-4:25.


Introduction
What makes Romans 4:3 such an intriguingly significant verse is the fact that it is foundational for the concept of 'righteousness through faith' or 'justification by faith' developed in  The explicit citation taken from Genesis 15:6, as reflected in Romans 4:3, also contributes to the significance of the passage and the concept of 'justification by faith' while the interrogative pronoun Τί together with the conjunction οὖν, formulated as a rhetorical question, sanction Romans 4's dependence on chapters 1-3. 3 Together they form a noteworthy theological framework dealing with 'sin', 'guilt', 'judgment' and the concept of 'justification by faith'.4 This concept has become a terminus technicus which poses a threat to its theological and societal value.The threat is caused by the uncritical acceptance of the concept. Te concept has become static and its relevance questionable.The aim here is to contribute to the liberation of the concept from its theological stagnate position by means of a critical investigation into Romans 4:3 and the explicit citation (Genesis 15:6) it reflects.Critical questions will be asked such as: "How did Paul understand and interpret Genesis 15:6 in the context of Genesis 15?", 'How did Paul reinterpret Genesis 15:6?", "To what extent did the explicit citation, taken from Genesis 15:6, influence Paul's understanding of the concept of "righteousness through faith"?'The objective here is to give possible answers to these question and by doing so contribute to the dynamic character of the concept of 'righteousness through faith'.As with any study a workable definition of the terms in question is required.
The Greek words δικαιόω and δικαιοσύνη are translated in the English language respectively with the terms 'justified' and 'righteous'.The former emphasises the action while the latter highlights a state of being.Both these terms demand an agent that justifies and declares righteous as well as an agent that is being declared just and deemed righteous. 5The term δικαιοσύνη also relates to the term δίκη which can be translated with 'justice', 'punishment' or 'penalty'. 6 Louw & Nida (1996:743) defines the term δικαιοσύνη, ης as the act of 'doing what God requires', 'doing what is right in relation to God.' 7 The verb δικαιόω is defined as 'to justify', 'to deem right'; 'to cause to be in a right relationship with'. 8The Hebrew root of these terms are represented by ‫הקדצ‬ which is defined as 'righteousness', 'justice', 'godliness' etc.9 and ‫טפשמ‬ which is defined as 'to execute justice and righteousness', 'administer justice'; 'used in the act of judging'; 'that which is lawful'. 10The Greek term κρίνω is used as a Greek equivalent for ‫טפש‬ (to judge), while κρίσις is a reproduction of ‫טפשמ‬ (divine judgment). 11Both the Hebrew, and its Greek counterpart (Septuagint / Old Greek), draw a distinction between the act of judgment and the state caused by such a judgement.The English frame of reference, in turn, draws a distinction when dealing with the concept of justice.On the one hand justice is perceived, used, and informed by philosophy, theology and religion in societal structures, while on the other hand it describes procedures and applications instructed by law.One can be declared 'guilty' or 'not guilty' in a court of law, based on the rule of law.Paul interpreted being reckoned 'righteous' by the Hebrew deity as only possible through faith.This claim can be corroborated by the fact that he decided on Genesis 15:6 as an explicit citation and proof text as well as the extrapolation from Romans 3:21 onwards (see Rom 3:27, 28, 30; 4:3, 5, 9,  11, 22; 5:1).It is furthermore clear that one is declared (passive) 'righteous', but this is based on a subjective act of faith.12The Hebrew deity is the agent responsible for the act of declaring someone righteous, but requires an agent that is responsible for the act of believing.Being truthful or factual is not necessarily a requirement, but 'true' intent to believe that something might be true seems to be essential.Paul's aim to include both Jew and 'non-Jew' supported the introduction of the concept of 'righteousness' as well as his ideas relating to 'sin', 'wickedness', and 'ungodliness'. 13A modern day case of 'sin', 'guilt', 'judgement', 'justice' and 'righteousness' is the recent publically exposed case of South African Olympian Oscar Pistorius, in which Judge Thokozile Masipa had to hand down judgement; a judgment that consisted of 'matters of fact' and 'matters of law', while displaying the element of 'mercy' when the sentence was handed down.Morally speaking, Oscar Pistorius was guilty of murder; legally speaking he was found guilty of culpable homicide, and when sentenced, he was even shown mercy by Judge Masipa.In March of this year, the ruling of culpable homicide was overturned and Oscar Pistorius was found guilty of murder, resulting in the moral and legal perspectives to coincide.During such legal procedures one would hardly hear the term 'righteousness' or even being declared 'just'.In a post-modern society it boils down to 'matters of fact' and 'matters of law' by which court(s) of law will judge 'guilty' or 'not guilty'.
Faith communities have no say in this matter.In fact, during the Oscar Pistorius trail which lasted nine months, no theologian, reverend or any other representative of faith communities were consulted -even though they are the ones proclaiming the concept 'righteousness through faith' or 'justified by faith'.That being said, a working definition of being 'just' and 'righteous' is a state of 'being made possible by the act of judgment' or 'declaration of righteousness' should suffice.In Paul's mind being declared 'just' or 'righteous' is a divine act based on faith of a mortal as is imminent from Genesis 15:1-21 from where he quotes and which informs his hermeneutical processes in this regard.14

A brief analysis of Genesis 15:1-21 15
Abram's16 φόβος v.1), reservations and scepticism of κύριοςʼ provision (τί μοι δώσεις) in Genesis 15:2 is, in the first instance, based on the fact that he is without children.17Abram's cynical attitude is further emphasised in Genesis 15:4-5, relating to the promises made by κύριος. 18Abram's doubt is introduced after the first words spoken by κύριος in Genesis 15:1b "λέγων Μὴ φοβοῦ, Ἀβράμ• ἐγὼ ὑπερασπίζω σου• ὁ μισθός σου πολὺς ἔσται σφόδρα". 19The response in v.1b is that Abram is not to fear, κύριος himself will be his shield bearer, the one who will reward in extreme abundance.The challenge though is that Abram's reality simply does not reflect what κύριος is uttering.In fact, Abram counters the words spoken by κύριος stating that his 'so-called' provision is not a reality "λέγει δὲ Ἀβράμ Δέσποτα, τί μοι δώσεις; ἐγὼ δὲ ἀπολύομαι ἄτεκνος• ὁ δὲ υἱὸς Μάσεκ τῆς οἰκογενοῦς μου, οὗτος Δαμασκὸς Ἐλιέζερ"Abram ask his δεσπότης what will he be given because he is childless, andthe son Masek of his homebred is Damascus Elizier.20After Abram's response, it is θεός that counters in Genesis 15:4-5 with the words "καὶ εὐθὺς φωνὴ θεοῦ ἐγένετο πρὸς αὐτὸν λέγων'" and immediately a voice of God towards him saying'.The reply is not so much directed at how Abram perceives his own reality but a clarification, and with that, an elaboration of what is to be expected is offered in turn: • One of Abram's own will be his heir (v. 4b).
• God took Abram outside, made him look up at the stars in heaven, while a promise was made that his descendants will be as many as the stars he can count (v.5a-c).
Astoundingly, after these 'extravagant' and somewhat unrealistic promises were made, Abram simply "ἐπίστευσεν Ἀβρὰμ τῷ θεῷ", (Gen 15:6a) and was "ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην", (Gen 15:6b).21To put this into perspective; the lord appears to Abram in a vision declaring that Abram should not be afraid because he (the lord) is the shield and that Abram will be rewarded.Abram responded sceptically at first due to an honest reflection on his reality, followed by an almost unrealistic promise that resulted in Abram accepting it as 'fact' and by doing so he is declared 'righteous.' 22 Noteworthy is that Abram is the active agent; it is due to the act of 'believing' that he is considered 'righteous.' 23 One cannot ignore the fact that the phrases in Genesis 15:6 does not fit in well with what proceeds or follows it.This is emphasised by the fact that in Genesis 15:7 θεός reminds Abram that he was the one that took him from Ur of the Chaldeans and gave him that land as possession "Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ θεὸς ὁ ἐξαγαγών σε ἐκ χώρας Χαλδαίων ὥστε δοῦναί σοι τὴν γῆν ταύτην κληρονομῆσαι."Why would it have been necessary for further argumentation and substantiation if Abram believed and was declared righteous in Genesis 15:6?The opinion here is that the concepts as represented by the Greek "καὶ ἐπίστευσεν Ἀβρὰμ τῷ θεῷ", (Gen 15:6a) and "ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην", (Genesis 15:6b) was added, prematurely so, by a redactor of the Masoretic text and merely translated into Greek.If one would 'ignore' Genesis 15:6 for a moment, then Abram's response in Genesis 15:8 is not surprising.He remains doubtful, almost cynical, inferred from the question he asks: how can he be sure that the land will be his and his heirs?After failure to convince Abram, κύριος commanded Abram to make an offer (Gen 15:10-11) after which Abram fell asleep and it was then that a thick dreadful darkness came over him (Gen 15:12b) "καὶ ἰδοὺ φόβος σκοτεινὸς μέγας ἐπιπίπτει αὐτῷ" followed by the lord's punishment, presumably due to the 'lack' of Abram's faith.The supposed 'punishment' is followed by affirmation that on that day the lord made a covenant with Abram that they (his descendants) will be given the land as promised (Gen 15:17-21).The outcome of this divine oracle between 'Abram the sceptic' and 'God the profligate promiser' is to a certain degree disappointing because it is not dominated by a honest reflection on what is real, but dictated by lavish promises accompanied by certain conditions, circumstances and clarifications. 24The 'sceptical', 'faithful' and 'righteously declared' Abram disappears from the scene after he fell into a deep sleep.One would have wanted Abram and θεός to continue conversing with each other as to get to a sounder understanding of what is real and how Abram is to deal with his reality in relation to the Hebrew deity.Abram's submissive and humble response is emphasized with the use of the term δεσπότης, 25 while its Hebrew counterpart reads ‫ינדא‬ ‫,הוהי‬ the translation of which is problematic but the concept intended with the use of the two terms in combination is reproduced in the English language with Lord God.This is a clear sign of a theologically loaded conceptual shift between the Hebrew and Greek versions of the Old Testament.But this is not the only reason why Genesis 15:6 became something that was not, it seems, intended.Based on this preliminary analysis of Genesis 15:1-21, it seems to be reasonable to conclude that: 1. Being declared righteous does allow for sceptical faith to a certain extent.26 2. The theology of the author dominates the oracle and by this; the oracle is therefore not a true reflection of the Hebrew deity's engagement with Abram, but a tool to justify the theological perspective of the author.
3. The cynical nature of faith has negative consequences and thus almost 'forces' the author to portray the Hebrew deity in a lavish and extravagant way. 27The act of faith and declaration of being righteous does not dominate Genesis 15:1-21.
It is therefore reasonable to infer that it is not righteousness through faith that takes centre stage, but the sceptical and cynical nature of Abram as the 'father' of the one who ultimately comes to faith.The Hebrew deity did not declare Abram righteous based on the action of faith or trust.It was his scepticism and cynical nature that forced 'promises', 'elaborations', 'conditions' and 'compromises.'The possible reason for such a presumption was brought about by a desperation to 'justify' his mission to the 'non-Jews'. 30But for Paul to have argued from such a premise he had to prove that righteousness through faith applies to both Jews and 'non-Jews'. 31It is within this context that Paul quoted Genesis 15:6. 32f there was any confusion regarding the authority of the cited text, such confusion would have been cleared with the introductory formula "τί γὰρ ἡ γραφὴ λέγει" in Romans 4:3a.Moreover, by using this introductory formula, Paul kept with the dialogue tone and structure of Genesis 15, dominated by words 'spoken' by the Hebrew deity and Abram responding in typical oracle fashion in Genesis 15:1 "Μετὰ δὲ τὰ ῥήματα ταῦτα ἐγενήθη ῥῆμα κυρίου πρὸς Ἀβρὰμ ἐν ὁράματι" Paul was selective in his use of Genesis 15:6, even though he might have had a manuscript to his disposal and read the text within its macro-context.Paul was not in the least interested in a typical 'modern'-'western' historical-critical analysis of the text in combination with socio-rhetorical critical considerations. 33here was no desire to get to the original meaning or to extract facts from his manuscript.All Paul had to do was to point to a legendary figure, make it explicit that what is to follow it is taken for the 'holy' scriptures to get the attention of his audience.His intent was not to reconstruct an 'authentic' past, neither to seek the 'truth'.Paul wanted to argue that 'righteousness' and 'justice' is accessible for both Jew and 'non-Jew' because one is declared righteous through faith.He uses Abram as the nomadic father of the Jews who believed and was declared righteous "ἐπίστευσεν Ἀβρὰμ τῷ θεῷ, καὶ ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην" to prove his point.This phrase alone met all the requirements that would support his argument.There would have been little or no dispute that Abraham was indeed a legendary figure within the Jewish faith, the founding father of Israel as a people.By showing that Abraham was declared righteous purely because he 'believed', ensured that the criteria of faith was a legitimate criterion for the Jews, and therefore such a criterion would be equally appropriate for 'non-Jews'.It appears as if Paul is not in the least interested in Abraham's cynical attitude or his scepticism.
Paul continues with his exegesis of Genesis 15:1-21 stating that the promise made to Abraham did not come via the law, but by 'righteousness through 33 Von Achim (1997:327), comments that a historical understanding of the Old Testament texts is an obstacle for a Church-dogmatic interpretation, which has a negative impact on Christian theology as a whole.This would be true for Paul's interpretation of Genesis 15:1-21 as well.Paul's exegesis would be in line with a 'church-dogmatic' interpretation of the Old Testament text.His aim is to concretely determine the Wirkungsgeschichte of Genesis 15:6 as understood by Paul (Von Achim, 1997:328).
faith' "Οὐ γὰρ διὰ νόμου ἡ ἐπαγγελία τῷ Ἀβραὰμ ἢ τῷ σπέρματι αὐτοῦ, τὸ κληρονόμον αὐτὸν εἶναι κόσμου, ἀλλὰ διὰ δικαιοσύνης πίστεως", Romans 4:13.Paul argues that if those that inherit does so based on the law, the promise is void and faith nullified (Rom 4:14).With such a notion Paul implicitly reveals his logic and of course theological frame of reference.A promise made by a Hebrew deity and faith in such a promise supersedes Jewish law on inheritance. 34Paul is inclined to argue this, because he had to incorporate the 'non-Jews'; not on legal grounds but based on faith in the one that is the ultimately the supreme Judge.Ironically, it is not so much Abraham's faith, but his scepticism that kept on 'demanding' more from the one that will eventually declare him righteous.Therefore, it seems premature to declare Abraham righteous in Genesis 15:6 because he was sceptical at first (Gen 15:2-3), but after he was shown the stars, Abram believe the lord and he was declared righteous, just to be sceptical yet again on the promise of inheriting land (Gen 15:8).Paul's interpretation of Genesis 15:1-21 does not allow for Abraham's scepticism or cynical nature.
It is either due to the fact that he was oblivious to the author's aim or he simply ignored it and focused on what he considered important, being the content in Genesis 15:6; that one is declared 'righteous through faith'.
For the redactor of Genesis 15:1-21 though, addressing the issue of exile, while alluding to the enslavement in Egypt and framing that within the concept of the covenant seems to have been his primary aim. 35Abraham as a nomadic, non-institutionalised figure was used to explain the negative situation the Israel elite found themselves in and to give hope to those who were taken into exile.The author theologically interpreted his sociocultural context, a historical situation of people in despair.The latter is emphasised by the prominence of the Lord's promise not as a result of faith, but of scepticism, that would have reflected the attitude of those currently in exile.His theological response involved none other than Abram, hence opening the possibility for Paul to reinterpret Genesis 15:1-21 for his own purpose.But the scepticism and historical situation was not something Paul wanted to play into because it simply did not serve his theological aim of including 'non-Jews' by means of faith. 36Paul's logic 37 unfolds as follows: 1.The law results in punishment, but if there is no law, there is no transgression (v.15).
2. Faith through grace ensured sustainability of the promise for the heirs (v.16a).
3. Heirs, not due to the law alone, but also because of Abraham's faith, who is the father of everyone (v.16b).
4. Abraham is made the father of many nations before God, whom he believed in (v.17a).
5.He (God) who gives life to the dead and who calls things into existence that does not exist (v.17b).
6.He (Abraham) believed he would become the father of many nations according to what was said (v. 18).
7. Abraham did not weaken his faith based on the reality that he was 100 years old and that his wife, Sarah had not yet bared a child (v.19).
8. No distrust made Abraham waver the promise made by God, his faith grew stronger (v.20).
9. Abraham was convinced that God would be able to do what he promised (v.21).
It is clear from this interpretation of Genesis 15:1-21 that Paul is not in the least interested in Abraham's scepticism.It does, however, seems as if he is countering such a notion.For this reason, Romans 4:18-21 deserves closer investigation.According to Paul, Abraham hoped against all hope, believed he will become father of many nations based on what was said 36 Holst (1997:320) will argue that Romans 4 makes clear that God's self-disclosure through the word of promise is the reason for Abraham's subjective faith, and that apart from it an analysis of this faith is impossible.37 The implied logic regarding the promise and believe in such a promise is that without the divine word, Abraham could not have been justified because he could not have become a believer (Holst, 1997:320).
These statements made by Paul is not a true reflection of Genesis 15:1-21, but it confirms Paul's presupposition and aim.His arguments on 'justice' and 'righteousness' is not informed by facts or what is indeed 'real' in terms of the outcome of the promises made.Abraham's faith and subsequent glory to God (Gen 15:20) is debatable and the inheritance of the 'promised land' is highly questionable.The concept of faith was the 'saving grace' for Paul's argument on 'righteousness' and 'justice'.The action of 'believing' is the key ingredient to be declared righteous by God.Abraham believed in God's promise, while the gentiles and others believed in Jesus.The same entity will declare them righteous through the act of 'believing'.Jesus was also raised from the dead for the believers' justification (Rom 4:25).For Paul's argument to work, it was crucial for him not to focus on the facts of the content matter, neither should he have considered the facts of the matter referred to within the content matter.To rephrase this, Paul had to ignore Abraham's persistent scepticism and the fact that the promise never came to fulfilment; certainly not at the time Paul wrote this letter.Abraham and his descendants (presumably referring to Israel) did not inherit any land up until this very day, nor were his descendants (if interpreted as the ones believing) as many as the stars.Paul as a prominent and well educated diaspora Jew, who prosecuted the followers of Jesus, just to become a follower himself, was forced by his own personal circumstances and sociohistorical context to make the new dimension of the Jewish faith inclusive as appose to being exclusive.The only way possible was to indicate that one effective with his first-century audience, but he would have been highly relevant and valued in a 'postmodern' age and would therefore have contributed to the liberation of the stagnate position of 'justification by faith'.It would thus be fair to assert at this juncture that for Paul 'fact' or 'truth', in the historical-critical sense of the word, has little or no relevance for 'righteousness' or the 'act of believing'.

Conclusion
The concept of 'righteousness through faith', culminating into justification through the same faith has shaped both Protestant and Catholic theology alike.The dogma 'righteousness through faith' or 'justification by faith', as developed by Paul, is generally accepted by most (if not all) Christian traditions.This, in addition to the uncritical and indiscriminate attitude towards the concept, has caused the concept to morph into a terminus technicus resulting in the theological demise of the concept and its relevance and value highly questionable.It would, however, be futile to deny, discard or even reject such a concept.The aim with this study was to contribute to the liberation of the concept from its theological stagnate position through a critical investigation into Paul's quotation of Genesis 15:6 in Romans 4:3 as part of his reinterpretation of Genesis 15:1-21.
The first obvious conclusion is that the concept 'righteousness through faith' or 'justification by faith' has little or no relevance for the current postmodern secular society.One could even go as far as to say that the concept holds no immediate tangible relevance for faith communities.Faith communities have for far too long unconditionally accepted Paul's concept of 'righteousness through faith'.This caused, to the opinion held here, the concept to become stagnate and its relevance and value uncertain.
The brief analysis of Genesis 15:1-21 has shown that Abram's scepticism and cynicism formed an integral part of the process to declare Abram 'righteous'.Faith, it seems, does not play a major part in the 'righteous' declaring process, but it is a final act by the subject who is to be declared 'righteous'. 38Moreover, the act of faith also prepares the subject for a repetitive process of scepticism, cynicism and again faith.Paul, in turn, does not allow for any scepticism and cynicism in his interpretation of Genesis 15:1-21.Paul did not have much of a choice; he had to be selective in his approach to Genesis 15:1-21.The only way he knew to convince his fellow Jews that 'non-Jews' can also be declared 'righteous' and be accepted by the Hebrew deity and by so doing form part of the 'chosen' people, was to focus on the act of faith of being declared 'righteous'.Paul gives the impression that scepticism and cynicism does not possess the necessary 'inclusive' and 'universal' characteristics as the idea of faith does.Abram, the father of Israel as a society, believed in the Hebrew deity and the 'non-Jews' believed in Jesus.The logic inference is that the act of faith will redeem both Jew and 'non-Jew' through which they will be declared 'righteous'.One has sympathy for the fact that Paul wanted to be 'inclusive' in his approach, while justifying his mission to the 'non-Jews'.Paul's aim was simply to make God's promise of inheritance accessible to the 'non-Jews'.A cause that is 'just', 'worthy' and 'morally commendable'.The reality is that it was in fact Abram's scepticism and cynicism that eventually 'forced' an act of faith; hence a declaration of righteousness.Ironically, if Paul's context allowed him to make more of Abram's scepticism and cynicism he would not have been as affective to communicate and justify the Hebrew deity's plan of redemption that includes both Jew and 'non-Jew'; but the concept would then have possessed enough crucial and identifiable elements to have made it universally more relevant for a postmodern secular society.On the question if the concept of 'righteousness through faith' as developed by Paul in Romans 4 is universally 'true', 'relevant', 'valuable' and 'justifiable', the answer has to be no.

Paul's interpretation of Genesis 15:1-21
The tone of the oracle in Genesis 15:1-21 reminds one of Job and his critical stance towards the Hebrew deity due to his circumstances.What is of great interest and significance is how Paul interpreted and understood Genesis 15:1-21; and to what extent Genesis 15:1-21 influenced his concept of righteousness through faith.By introducing Ἀβραὰμ in Romans 4 Paul would have called an array of 'ideas', 'concepts', 'emotions', and 'practices' to mind; even a sense of 'heritage', 'identity' and 'legacy'.28The question posed in Romans 4:1 "Τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν εὑρηκέναι Ἀβραὰμ τὸν προπάτορα ἡμῶν κατὰ σάρκα" especially in terms of κατὰ σάρκα opens the way for Paul's argument relating to δικαιόω as introduced in Romans 3:21-31 to be put to the fore; it also sets the stage for the Genesis 15:6 citation.Paul argues that Abraham's boasting cannot be warranted if he was declared righteous through his works.It is not immediately clear whether the conditional clause "ἀλλ' οὐ πρὸς θεόν" in Romans 4:2c relates to "εἰ γὰρ Ἀβραὰμ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη" in Romans 4:2a, "ἔχει καύχημα" in Romans 4:2b or both.Paul, however, has already conceptually intertwined the concept of 'boasting' and 'declared righteous' in Romans 3:27 "Ποῦ οὖν ἡ καύχησις; ἐξεκλείσθη.διὰ ποίου 3. νόμου; τῶν ἔργων; οὐχί, ἀλλὰ διὰ νόμου πίστεως" and Romans 3:28 "λογιζόμεθα γὰρ δικαιοῦσθαι πίστει ἄνθρωπον χωρὶς ἔργων νόμου" while introducing the concept of faith.It is thus reasonable to infer from Romans 3:27 and Romans 3:28 that neither 'boasting' nor 'being righteous' through works has any relevance before θεός.Paul presupposes that faith, rooted in grace, is the only way one can be considered 'righteous' and declared 'just'.